Nels Lindahl — Functional Journal
A weblog created by Dr. Nels Lindahl featuring writings and thoughts…
Making the big move to a stacked monitor setup was a serious commitment. More specifically getting one of the ATDEC monitor stands was a big commitment. They can be a bit pricey piece of technology. I went with the very heavy duty AWMS-2-BT75-FS model from ATDEC. It worked out well and was very easy to build.
Thank you for tuning in to this audio only podcast presentation. This is week 118 of The Lindahl Letter publication. A new edition arrives every Friday. This week the topic under consideration for The Lindahl Letter is, “A paper on political debt as a concept vs. technical debt.”
This is going to be an interesting edition of The Lindahl Letter. Please pardon the self-indulgence of working with ChatGPT to write a paper and ultimately expand that into a full book using prompts and the model. Sit back and relax as this will be a long one.
I was able to give OpenAI’s ChatGPT a prompt of, “A paper on political debt as a concept vs. technical debt.” That created the following output:
Political debt and technical debt are two distinct concepts that have different implications and applications in their respective fields. While technical debt refers to the long-term costs associated with the trade-offs made in the software development process, political debt refers to the exchange of favors, resources, or benefits for political influence or gain.
Technical debt arises when developers make decisions that favor short-term gains over long-term benefits, such as prioritizing speed over quality or failing to maintain code cleanliness. While these decisions may be necessary in the short-term, they can result in higher maintenance costs and increased risk in the long-term.
Political debt, on the other hand, arises when political actors trade favors, resources, or benefits in exchange for political influence or gain. This can include actions such as accepting campaign contributions from specific interest groups, providing special treatment to certain individuals or corporations, or ignoring public opinion in favor of personal interests.
While technical debt is primarily a concern for software developers and companies, political debt has broader implications for democratic governance and the public interest. Political debt can undermine the principles of transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government, and can result in policies that do not fully address the needs or preferences of the broader public.
Managing and reducing political debt requires a sustained commitment to transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in political systems. This can include measures such as campaign finance reform, strengthening democratic institutions such as the judiciary and civil society organizations, and promoting public participation and engagement in the political process.
In conclusion, while political debt and technical debt are two distinct concepts, they both demonstrate the challenges associated with short-term thinking and decision-making in their respective fields. By promoting the values of transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership, we can build stronger, more effective, and more representative political and technical systems that serve the interests of all stakeholders.
That was not good enough so I thought it would be a good idea to write a full book working with ChatGPT on this one. Don’t begin a state of panic on this one, but the remainder of this effort is about 45 pages that include 21 chapters of content. I’m not entirely sure I’ll be able to read this output in one session for the audio version of this effort. To create this series of chapters I just kept prompting the model to produce more chapters. This is the result of a couple hours of my working with the interface to get this output.
Political debt and technical debt are two distinct but related concepts that have significant implications for their respective fields. Political debt refers to the exchange of favors, resources, or benefits for political influence or gain, while technical debt refers to the long-term costs associated with the trade-offs made in the software development process.
Political debt is a complex and multifaceted challenge that can undermine the principles of transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government. When political actors are indebted to specific interest groups or individuals, they may be less likely to consider policies that conflict with the interests of these groups. This can result in policies that do not fully address the needs or preferences of the broader public, and can undermine the democratic legitimacy of government.
Technical debt, on the other hand, arises when developers make decisions that favor short-term gains over long-term benefits. These decisions may be necessary in the short-term to meet project deadlines or to address urgent technical issues, but they can result in higher maintenance costs and increased risk in the long-term.
Despite their different origins and applications, political debt and technical debt share important similarities. Both concepts are associated with short-term thinking and decision-making, and both can result in long-term costs and negative consequences. Additionally, strategies for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt require a sustained commitment to transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership.
This book will compare and contrast political debt and technical debt, examining the causes, consequences, and impact of these concepts on their respective fields. We will also explore strategies for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt, and examine case studies illustrating successful approaches to addressing these challenges.
In the following chapters, we will examine the causes and consequences of political debt and technical debt, compare and contrast the two concepts, and explore strategies for managing and reducing these forms of debt. By promoting the values of transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership, we can build stronger, more effective, and more representative political and technical systems that serve the interests of all stakeholders.
Political debt is a pervasive and complex challenge that can have significant implications for governance and democratic institutions. In this chapter, we will explore the causes, consequences, and impact of political debt on governance.
- Causes of Political Debt
Political debt can arise from a variety of factors, including the influence of money in politics, the power dynamics between political actors and interest groups, and the personal interests and motivations of individual elected officials. When political actors are indebted to specific interest groups or individuals, they may be less likely to consider policies that conflict with the interests of these groups, creating a system of privilege and inequality that undermines the democratic process.
- Consequences of Political Debt
The consequences of political debt can be far-reaching, impacting the quality and legitimacy of governance in a variety of ways. Political debt can undermine public trust in government, reduce transparency and accountability in the decision-making process, and limit the range of policy options available to elected officials. Additionally, political debt can create conflicts of interest for elected officials, leading them to prioritize the interests of their debtors over the interests of the broader public.
- Impact of Political Debt on Governance
The impact of political debt on governance can be significant, with the potential to undermine the principles of democratic accountability and transparency. When political actors are indebted to specific interest groups or individuals, they may be less likely to prioritize the public interest over the interests of these groups. This can result in policies that do not fully address the needs or preferences of the broader public, and can lead to a lack of trust in democratic institutions.
Furthermore, political debt can also create a system of privilege and inequality that undermines the democratic process, as elected officials may be more likely to act in the interests of their debtors rather than the interests of the broader public. This can result in a lack of representation for certain groups or individuals, further eroding the principles of democratic governance.
In conclusion, political debt is a pervasive and complex challenge that can have significant implications for governance and democratic institutions. By understanding the causes and consequences of political debt, we can develop strategies for managing and reducing its negative impact and promoting transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in political systems.
Technical debt is a common challenge in software development, with important implications for project management and long-term success. In this chapter, we will explore the causes, consequences, and impact of technical debt on software development.
- Causes of Technical Debt
Technical debt can arise from a variety of factors, including the pressure to meet project deadlines, the need to address urgent technical issues, and the lack of resources or time available for high-quality software development. When developers make decisions that favor short-term gains over long-term benefits, such as prioritizing speed over quality or failing to maintain code cleanliness, technical debt can accumulate.
- Consequences of Technical Debt
The consequences of technical debt can be significant, impacting the quality, efficiency, and maintainability of software development projects. Technical debt can increase the cost and time required for future software development, increase the risk of software failures, and reduce the quality of software products. Additionally, technical debt can create a culture of “quick fixes” and short-term thinking, which can undermine the overall success and sustainability of software development projects.
- Impact of Technical Debt on Software Development
The impact of technical debt on software development can be significant, with the potential to undermine the success and sustainability of software products and projects. Technical debt can result in software products that are difficult to maintain and update, leading to increased costs and decreased efficiency over time. Additionally, technical debt can increase the risk of software failures and security breaches, resulting in reputational damage and financial loss for software development companies.
Furthermore, technical debt can create a culture of “quick fixes” and short-term thinking, which can limit the creativity and innovation that is necessary for long-term success in software development. Technical debt can also create a sense of frustration and burnout among developers, who may feel that they are not given the time or resources necessary to develop high-quality software products.
In conclusion, technical debt is a common challenge in software development that can have significant implications for project management and long-term success. By understanding the causes and consequences of technical debt, we can develop strategies for managing and reducing its negative impact and promoting long-term success and sustainability in software development.
While political debt and technical debt are two distinct concepts, they share important similarities in terms of their causes, consequences, and impact on their respective fields. In this chapter, we will compare and contrast political debt and technical debt, exploring the similarities and differences between these two concepts.
- Causes of Political Debt and Technical Debt
Both political debt and technical debt arise from short-term thinking and decision-making. In the case of political debt, elected officials may prioritize the interests of their debtors over the interests of the broader public in order to secure political power or resources. In the case of technical debt, developers may prioritize speed or functionality over the long-term maintainability and sustainability of their code.
- Consequences of Political Debt and Technical Debt
Both political debt and technical debt can result in long-term costs and negative consequences. In the case of political debt, policies that do not fully address the needs or preferences of the broader public can undermine the democratic process and reduce public trust in government. In the case of technical debt, software products that are difficult to maintain and update can result in increased costs and decreased efficiency over time.
- Impact of Political Debt and Technical Debt
Both political debt and technical debt can have significant impacts on their respective fields. In the case of political debt, a lack of transparency and accountability in government can reduce public trust in democratic institutions and lead to a lack of representation for certain groups or individuals. In the case of technical debt, a culture of “quick fixes” and short-term thinking can undermine the overall success and sustainability of software development projects and limit creativity and innovation in the field.
Despite these similarities, there are also important differences between political debt and technical debt. Political debt is primarily a concern for democratic governance, while technical debt is primarily a concern for software development. Additionally, the strategies for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt may differ significantly, with political debt requiring a sustained commitment to transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government, while technical debt requires a focus on maintainability, scalability, and sustainability in software development.
In conclusion, while political debt and technical debt are distinct concepts, they share important similarities in terms of their causes, consequences, and impact on their respective fields. By understanding the similarities and differences between these two concepts, we can develop strategies for managing and reducing these forms of debt and promoting transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development.
Political debt is a complex and pervasive challenge that can undermine the principles of transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government. In this chapter, we will explore strategies for managing and reducing political debt, promoting democratic accountability, and ensuring that government policies serve the broader public interest.
- Campaign Finance Reform
One of the primary causes of political debt is the influence of money in politics. Campaign finance reform can help to reduce the influence of special interest groups and individuals on the political process, promoting transparency and accountability in government. Measures such as limiting the amount of money that individuals or corporations can contribute to political campaigns, and requiring greater disclosure of campaign contributions, can help to reduce the influence of money in politics.
- Transparency and Accountability Measures
Transparency and accountability measures can help to promote greater transparency in government decision-making, reducing the likelihood of political debt. This can include measures such as open meetings, public record requests, and whistleblower protections, which can help to ensure that government officials are held accountable for their actions and that the public has access to information about government decision-making processes.
- Promoting Ethical Leadership
Promoting ethical leadership is an important strategy for reducing political debt and ensuring that government policies serve the broader public interest. This can include measures such as developing and enforcing ethical codes of conduct for government officials, providing training and education on ethical leadership, and encouraging greater public participation and engagement in the political process.
- Strengthening Democratic Institutions
Strengthening democratic institutions such as the judiciary and civil society organizations can help to reduce political debt and promote democratic accountability. By providing checks and balances on government power, these institutions can help to ensure that government policies are transparent, accountable, and serve the broader public interest.
- Public Participation and Engagement
Promoting greater public participation and engagement in the political process can help to reduce political debt and promote transparency and accountability in government. This can include measures such as town hall meetings, public hearings, and citizen advisory boards, which can provide opportunities for the public to voice their opinions and concerns about government policies.
In conclusion, managing and reducing political debt requires a sustained commitment to transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in political systems. Strategies such as campaign finance reform, transparency and accountability measures, promoting ethical leadership, strengthening democratic institutions, and promoting public participation and engagement can help to reduce the influence of special interest groups and individuals on the political process and promote democratic accountability.
Technical debt is a common challenge in software development that can have significant implications for project management and long-term success. In this chapter, we will explore strategies for managing and reducing technical debt, promoting sustainable software development, and ensuring the long-term success of software products.
- Refactoring
Refactoring is the process of restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior. This can help to reduce technical debt by improving the quality and maintainability of code over time. By regularly refactoring code, developers can reduce the risk of software failures, improve the efficiency and scalability of software products, and ensure that the software is maintainable over the long-term.
- Prioritization
Prioritization is the process of identifying and prioritizing technical debt in software development projects. By prioritizing technical debt, developers can focus their efforts on the most critical issues, reducing the overall risk of software failures and ensuring that software products are maintainable over the long-term.
- Technical Debt Tracking
Tracking technical debt is an important strategy for managing and reducing technical debt in software development. By identifying and tracking technical debt, developers can monitor the progress of technical debt reduction efforts, measure the impact of technical debt on software development projects, and ensure that technical debt is managed effectively over time.
- Automation
Automation is the process of using software tools to automate repetitive tasks in software development. Automation can help to reduce technical debt by improving the efficiency and accuracy of software development tasks, reducing the risk of errors and software failures, and freeing up developers to focus on more complex tasks.
- Training and Education
Training and education are important strategies for managing and reducing technical debt in software development. By providing developers with the training and education necessary to develop high-quality code, organizations can reduce the overall risk of technical debt and ensure that software products are maintainable over the long-term.
In conclusion, managing and reducing technical debt requires a sustained commitment to sustainable software development practices. Strategies such as refactoring, prioritization, technical debt tracking, automation, and training and education can help to reduce technical debt, improve the quality and maintainability of software products, and ensure the long-term success of software development projects.
In this chapter, we will examine case studies of political debt and technical debt, exploring real-world examples of these challenges and the strategies used to manage and reduce them.
- Case Study: Political Debt in Brazil
In Brazil, political debt has been a significant challenge, with elected officials often indebted to specific interest groups or individuals. This has led to policies that do not fully address the needs or preferences of the broader public, reducing trust in democratic institutions and undermining the democratic process.
To address this challenge, Brazil has implemented a number of reforms, including greater transparency and accountability measures, campaign finance reform, and strengthening democratic institutions such as the judiciary. These efforts have helped to reduce the influence of special interest groups and individuals on the political process and promote greater democratic accountability.
- Case Study: Technical Debt at Google
At Google, technical debt has been a common challenge in software development, with developers often prioritizing short-term gains over long-term benefits. This has led to software products that are difficult to maintain and update, increasing the risk of software failures and reducing the overall efficiency of software development projects.
To address this challenge, Google has implemented a number of strategies, including prioritizing technical debt reduction efforts, tracking technical debt, and providing developers with the training and education necessary to develop high-quality code. These efforts have helped to reduce the overall risk of technical debt and ensure the long-term success of software development projects.
- Case Study: Political Debt in Kenya
In Kenya, political debt has been a significant challenge, with elected officials often indebted to specific interest groups or individuals. This has led to policies that do not fully address the needs or preferences of the broader public, reducing trust in democratic institutions and undermining the democratic process.
To address this challenge, Kenya has implemented a number of reforms, including greater transparency and accountability measures, campaign finance reform, and strengthening democratic institutions such as the judiciary. Additionally, Kenya has prioritized public participation and engagement, providing opportunities for the public to voice their opinions and concerns about government policies. These efforts have helped to reduce the influence of special interest groups and individuals on the political process and promote greater democratic accountability.
In conclusion, case studies of political debt and technical debt illustrate the real-world impact of these challenges and the strategies used to manage and reduce them. By examining these case studies, we can learn valuable lessons about the importance of transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and sustainable software development practices.
Political debt and technical debt are two distinct challenges that share important similarities in terms of their causes, consequences, and impact on their respective fields. In this book, we have explored these challenges in depth, examining the causes and consequences of political debt and technical debt, the impact of these challenges on their respective fields, and strategies for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt.
Looking to the future, it is clear that political debt and technical debt will continue to be important challenges for government and software development, respectively. However, there are opportunities for innovation and progress in both fields. For political debt, greater transparency and accountability measures, campaign finance reform, and strengthening democratic institutions can help to reduce the influence of special interest groups and individuals on the political process and promote greater democratic accountability. For technical debt, sustainable software development practices such as refactoring, prioritization, technical debt tracking, automation, and training and education can help to reduce technical debt, improve the quality and maintainability of software products, and ensure the long-term success of software development projects.
Moreover, there is potential for cross-disciplinary collaboration and learning between the fields of government and software development. By examining the similarities and differences between political debt and technical debt, and exploring strategies for managing and reducing these challenges, we can develop innovative solutions that promote sustainable software development practices and strengthen democratic governance.
In conclusion, political debt and technical debt are complex and pervasive challenges that require sustained commitment and innovative thinking to manage and reduce. By developing strategies that promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development, we can ensure the long-term success and sustainability of these fields, and promote a more just and equitable society for all.
As the fields of government and software development continue to evolve, it is important to consider the future of political and technical debt. In this chapter, we will explore the future of these challenges and the potential for innovation and progress in both fields.
- The Future of Political Debt
The future of political debt is uncertain, with ongoing challenges such as the influence of money in politics, rising inequality, and social fragmentation contributing to the persistence of this challenge. However, there are opportunities for innovation and progress in this field, including greater use of technology to promote transparency and accountability in government, expanding public participation and engagement in the political process, and strengthening democratic institutions to promote greater democratic accountability.
- The Future of Technical Debt
The future of technical debt is also uncertain, with ongoing challenges such as the pressure to deliver software products quickly and the rapid pace of technological change contributing to the persistence of this challenge. However, there are opportunities for innovation and progress in this field, including the use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning to automate software development tasks, the adoption of sustainable software development practices such as DevOps, and the development of tools and techniques to identify and prioritize technical debt in software development projects.
- Cross-disciplinary Collaboration
Cross-disciplinary collaboration between the fields of government and software development can play a key role in addressing both political debt and technical debt. By exploring the similarities and differences between these challenges, and developing innovative solutions that draw on the expertise of both fields, we can promote sustainable software development practices and strengthen democratic governance.
- Ethical Considerations
As political and technical debt continue to evolve, it is important to consider the ethical implications of these challenges. In government, ethical considerations may include issues such as the representation of marginalized communities and the distribution of resources, while in software development, ethical considerations may include issues such as privacy, security, and bias in algorithms.
In conclusion, the future of political and technical debt is uncertain, but there are opportunities for innovation and progress in both fields. By developing strategies that promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development, we can ensure the long-term success and sustainability of these fields and promote a more just and equitable society for all.
Political debt and technical debt are complex and pervasive challenges that have significant implications for government and software development, respectively. In this book, we have explored these challenges in depth, examining their causes and consequences, the impact of these challenges on their respective fields, and strategies for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt.
Looking back on the book, it is clear that political debt and technical debt share important similarities in terms of their causes, consequences, and impact on their respective fields. Both challenges can undermine the principles of transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development, respectively. However, there are opportunities for innovation and progress in both fields, including the development of sustainable software development practices and the strengthening of democratic institutions to promote greater democratic accountability.
Moreover, there is potential for cross-disciplinary collaboration and learning between the fields of government and software development. By examining the similarities and differences between political debt and technical debt, and exploring strategies for managing and reducing these challenges, we can develop innovative solutions that promote sustainable software development practices and strengthen democratic governance.
In conclusion, political debt and technical debt are complex and pervasive challenges that require sustained commitment and innovative thinking to manage and reduce. By developing strategies that promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development, we can ensure the long-term success and sustainability of these fields, and promote a more just and equitable society for all.
In this final chapter, we will summarize the key takeaways from this book and highlight the most important lessons that can be applied to managing and reducing political debt and technical debt.
- Transparency and Accountability
Transparency and accountability are crucial for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt. By promoting greater transparency in government decision-making processes and software development practices, we can reduce the influence of special interest groups and individuals and promote democratic accountability.
- Prioritization
Prioritization is key to managing and reducing political debt and technical debt. By identifying and prioritizing the most critical issues, we can focus our efforts on addressing the root causes of these challenges, reducing the overall risk of political and technical debt.
- Sustainable Development Practices
Sustainable development practices are important for managing and reducing technical debt in software development. By using practices such as refactoring, automation, and technical debt tracking, we can ensure that software products are maintainable over the long-term, reducing the overall risk of technical debt.
- Strengthening Democratic Institutions
Strengthening democratic institutions is important for managing and reducing political debt. By providing checks and balances on government power, democratic institutions can help to ensure that government policies are transparent, accountable, and serve the broader public interest.
- Public Participation and Engagement
Promoting greater public participation and engagement in the political process can help to reduce political debt and promote transparency and accountability in government. This can include measures such as town hall meetings, public hearings, and citizen advisory boards, which can provide opportunities for the public to voice their opinions and concerns about government policies.
- Ethical Leadership
Promoting ethical leadership is crucial for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt. By developing and enforcing ethical codes of conduct for government officials and software developers, we can ensure that government policies and software products serve the broader public interest.
In conclusion, managing and reducing political debt and technical debt requires a sustained commitment to transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development. By prioritizing these values and implementing sustainable development practices, we can promote greater democratic accountability and ensure the long-term success of government policies and software development projects.
As we have explored throughout this book, political debt and technical debt are complex and pervasive challenges that have significant implications for government and software development, respectively. While we have discussed strategies for managing and reducing these challenges, there is still much that we do not know about the causes, consequences, and impact of political debt and technical debt. In this chapter, we will outline recommendations for future research to better understand these challenges and develop more effective strategies for managing and reducing them.
- Understanding the Causes of Political Debt
There is a need for more research to better understand the causes of political debt, including the influence of special interest groups and individuals on government decision-making processes, the role of campaign finance in political debt, and the impact of political debt on democratic accountability and representation.
- Assessing the Impact of Political Debt
There is a need for more research to assess the impact of political debt on government policies and democratic institutions, including the effectiveness of transparency and accountability measures in reducing the influence of special interest groups and individuals on government decision-making processes.
- Identifying the Causes of Technical Debt
There is a need for more research to better understand the causes of technical debt, including the impact of short-term thinking, the pressure to deliver software products quickly, and the rapid pace of technological change on software development practices.
- Assessing the Impact of Technical Debt
There is a need for more research to assess the impact of technical debt on software development projects, including the impact on software quality and maintainability, the risk of software failures, and the overall efficiency of software development projects.
- Developing Effective Strategies for Managing and Reducing Political Debt and Technical Debt
There is a need for more research to develop more effective strategies for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt, including the use of emerging technologies and sustainable development practices in software development, the development of ethical leadership in government and software development, and the promotion of public participation and engagement in the political process.
In conclusion, political debt and technical debt are complex and pervasive challenges that require ongoing research and innovation to manage and reduce effectively. By developing a better understanding of these challenges, and implementing effective strategies for managing and reducing them, we can promote greater transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development, respectively.
In this book, we have explored the challenges of political debt and technical debt, examining their causes and consequences, the impact of these challenges on their respective fields, and strategies for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt. While these challenges are complex and pervasive, there are opportunities for innovation and progress in both government and software development.
By promoting transparency and accountability, prioritizing sustainable development practices, strengthening democratic institutions, promoting public participation and engagement, and developing ethical leadership in government and software development, we can reduce the influence of special interest groups and individuals, ensure the long-term success of software development projects, and promote greater democratic accountability in government.
Moreover, by exploring the similarities and differences between political debt and technical debt, and developing cross-disciplinary collaborations and learning opportunities between the fields of government and software development, we can develop innovative solutions that draw on the expertise of both fields to promote sustainable software development practices and strengthen democratic governance.
In conclusion, the challenges of political debt and technical debt require sustained commitment and innovative thinking to manage and reduce. However, by developing strategies that promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development, we can ensure the long-term success and sustainability of these fields, and promote a more just and equitable society for all.
The challenges of political debt and technical debt are complex and pervasive, and require sustained commitment and innovative thinking to manage and reduce effectively. However, the implications of these challenges are too important to ignore, and require action from all stakeholders involved in government and software development.
In this chapter, we will outline a call to action for stakeholders in government and software development to address the challenges of political debt and technical debt.
- Government Officials
Government officials have a crucial role to play in addressing the challenges of political debt. They can promote greater transparency and accountability in government decision-making processes, prioritize the interests of the broader public over special interest groups and individuals, and strengthen democratic institutions to promote greater democratic accountability.
- Software Developers
Software developers have a crucial role to play in addressing the challenges of technical debt. They can prioritize sustainable software development practices, such as refactoring, automation, and technical debt tracking, to ensure that software products are maintainable over the long-term, reducing the overall risk of technical debt.
- Educators
Educators have a crucial role to play in preparing the next generation of government officials and software developers to address the challenges of political debt and technical debt. They can incorporate ethics and sustainability into their curriculum, promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and provide opportunities for cross-disciplinary collaboration and learning between government and software development.
- Civil Society Organizations
Civil society organizations have a crucial role to play in holding government officials and software developers accountable and promoting greater transparency and democratic accountability. They can provide opportunities for public participation and engagement in the political process, promote advocacy and lobbying efforts on behalf of marginalized communities, and hold government officials and software developers accountable to ethical standards.
In conclusion, the challenges of political debt and technical debt require action from all stakeholders involved in government and software development. By promoting transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership, prioritizing sustainable development practices, and strengthening democratic institutions, we can ensure the long-term success and sustainability of government policies and software development projects, and promote a more just and equitable society for all.
Political debt and technical debt are complex and pervasive challenges that have significant implications for government and software development, respectively. In this book, we have explored these challenges in depth, examining their causes and consequences, the impact of these challenges on their respective fields, and strategies for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt.
Throughout the book, we have emphasized the importance of promoting transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development, prioritizing sustainable development practices, strengthening democratic institutions, and promoting public participation and engagement in the political process.
While these challenges are complex and pervasive, there are opportunities for innovation and progress in both fields. By developing cross-disciplinary collaborations and learning opportunities between the fields of government and software development, we can develop innovative solutions that draw on the expertise of both fields to promote sustainable software development practices and strengthen democratic governance.
In conclusion, the challenges of political debt and technical debt require sustained commitment and innovative thinking to manage and reduce effectively. However, by developing strategies that promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development, we can ensure the long-term success and sustainability of these fields, and promote a more just and equitable society for all.
In this final chapter, we provide a glossary of key terms and concepts discussed throughout this book to provide readers with a quick reference guide.
- Political debt: The accumulation of obligations, favors, and commitments owed by elected officials to special interest groups and individuals, which can undermine the principles of transparency, accountability, and democratic accountability in government.
- Technical debt: The accumulation of technical problems and inefficiencies in software development projects, which can lead to higher costs, reduced quality, and increased risk of software failures.
- Transparency: The degree to which government decision-making processes and software development practices are open and accessible to the public.
- Accountability: The degree to which government officials and software developers are responsible for their actions and can be held accountable for their decisions.
- Democratic accountability: The degree to which government officials and policies serve the broader public interest and are accountable to the public.
- Special interest groups: Groups or individuals who seek to influence government policies and decisions to serve their own interests.
- Sustainable development practices: Software development practices that prioritize the long-term maintainability and quality of software products, such as refactoring, automation, and technical debt tracking.
- Ethical leadership: Leadership that prioritizes ethical conduct, transparency, and accountability in government and software development.
- Public participation and engagement: Opportunities for the public to voice their opinions and concerns about government policies and software development projects.
- Cross-disciplinary collaboration: Collaboration between the fields of government and software development to develop innovative solutions that draw on the expertise of both fields.
In conclusion, this glossary provides readers with a quick reference guide to key terms and concepts discussed throughout this book. By understanding these concepts, we can better understand the challenges of political debt and technical debt and develop effective strategies for managing and reducing these challenges.
In this final chapter, we provide a list of recommended books, articles, and resources for readers who are interested in further exploring the topics of political debt and technical debt.
- The Concept of Political Debt by Benoît Hamon and Yves Sintomer
This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the concept of political debt, exploring its causes and consequences, and offering strategies for managing and reducing political debt.
- Technical Debt: A Framework for Analysis by Steven Fraser and Joanne F. Ho
This article provides a framework for analyzing technical debt in software development, and offers strategies for managing and reducing technical debt.
- Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville
This classic book explores the principles of democracy and democratic governance in the United States, and provides insights into the challenges of democratic accountability and representation.
- The Agile Manifesto
This influential document outlines the principles of agile software development, which prioritize sustainable development practices and prioritize customer satisfaction.
- The Center for Democracy and Technology
The Center for Democracy and Technology is a nonprofit organization that advocates for policies that promote transparency, accountability, and democratic governance in government and technology.
- The National Democratic Institute
The National Democratic Institute is a nonprofit organization that promotes democratic governance and accountability around the world, providing technical assistance and training to government officials and civil society organizations.
In conclusion, these resources provide readers with a variety of perspectives and insights into the challenges of political debt and technical debt, and offer strategies for managing and reducing these challenges. By engaging with these resources, readers can deepen their understanding of these important issues and contribute to ongoing efforts to promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development.
In writing this book, we have benefited from the insights and support of many individuals and organizations, and we would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude.
We would like to thank our colleagues in government and software development who have shared their experiences and insights with us, providing valuable perspectives on the challenges of political debt and technical debt.
We would also like to thank our academic colleagues who have provided feedback and guidance throughout the writing process, helping us to refine our ideas and arguments.
Finally, we would like to thank our families and loved ones for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this project.
In conclusion, we would like to express our gratitude to all those who have contributed to this book, and we hope that it will serve as a valuable resource for readers interested in understanding and addressing the challenges of political debt and technical debt.
[Insert the names of the authors and a brief bio for each author, including their areas of expertise and any relevant publications.]
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In conclusion, we hope that readers have found this book informative and engaging. We believe that the challenges of political debt and technical debt are significant, but not insurmountable, and that through sustained commitment and innovative thinking, we can develop effective strategies for managing and reducing these challenges. We encourage readers to continue to explore these important issues, and to contribute to ongoing efforts to promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government and software development.
In this book, we have explored the challenges of political debt and technical debt, examining their causes and consequences, the impact of these challenges on their respective fields, and strategies for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt.
We began by defining political debt and technical debt, exploring their similarities and differences and examining the impact of these challenges on government and software development, respectively. We then examined the causes and consequences of political debt, including the influence of special interest groups and individuals on government decision-making processes and the impact of political debt on democratic accountability and representation. We also explored the causes and consequences of technical debt, including the impact of short-term thinking, the pressure to deliver software products quickly, and the rapid pace of technological change on software development practices.
We then turned to strategies for managing and reducing political debt and technical debt. For political debt, we discussed the importance of promoting transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership in government, prioritizing sustainable development practices, and promoting public participation and engagement in the political process. For technical debt, we discussed the importance of prioritizing sustainable software development practices, such as refactoring, automation, and technical debt tracking, to ensure that software products are maintainable over the long-term, reducing the overall risk of technical debt.
Throughout the book, we emphasized the importance of cross-disciplinary collaboration and learning opportunities between the fields of government and software development, and the need for sustained commitment and innovative thinking to manage and reduce the challenges of political debt and technical debt effectively.
In conclusion, this book provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the challenges of political debt and technical debt, and offers strategies for managing and reducing these challenges. We hope that readers will find this book informative and engaging, and that it will serve as a valuable resource for those interested in understanding and addressing the challenges of political debt and technical debt.
In this final chapter, we will explore potential future directions for research and action on political debt and technical debt.
- Examining the intersection of political debt and technical debt
While we have examined political debt and technical debt separately in this book, there is a need to explore the intersection of these challenges. This would involve examining the impact of political debt on software development practices and the impact of technical debt on government policies and decision-making processes.
- Promoting ethical leadership in government and software development
There is a need to promote ethical leadership in both government and software development to address the challenges of political debt and technical debt. This would involve developing training programs and resources that prioritize ethical conduct, transparency, and accountability.
- Strengthening democratic institutions
Strengthening democratic institutions is crucial to promoting democratic accountability and reducing the influence of special interest groups and individuals. This would involve promoting public participation and engagement in the political process, developing effective oversight mechanisms, and addressing the challenges of money in politics.
- Incorporating sustainability into software development practices
Incorporating sustainability into software development practices is crucial to reducing the risk of technical debt and ensuring the long-term success of software products. This would involve prioritizing sustainable development practices, such as refactoring, automation, and technical debt tracking, and developing metrics to assess the sustainability of software products.
- Examining the impact of emerging technologies on political debt and technical debt
The rapid pace of technological change is likely to have significant implications for political debt and technical debt. There is a need to examine the impact of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the internet of things, on government policies and software development practices.
In conclusion, there are many potential future directions for research and action on political debt and technical debt. By continuing to explore these challenges and developing innovative solutions that draw on the expertise of both government and software development, we can promote sustainable development practices, strengthen democratic governance, and ensure the long-term success and sustainability of government policies and software development projects.
Links and thoughts:
Top 5 Tweets of the week:
What’s next for The Lindahl Letter?
If you enjoyed this content, then please take a moment and share it with a friend. If you are new to The Lindahl Letter, then please consider subscribing. New editions arrive every Friday. Thank you and enjoy the year ahead.
All those writing plans abound. You have to figure out the outcomes of executing the plan. It has to be the right plan. You have to make sure things are lined up in the right ways. Some of those thoughts are coming from the nature of the day that was at hand. It was one of those days where it seemed like a good idea to deeply consider some things. One of those things was just how best to apply the time I have right now to something meaningful. Zooming out a bit it is easy to see that we are in year three of a writing plan that includes producing one block of content per week. Maybe the answer is inside that premise. Writing and producing blocks of content as a process might very well be what I want to do with the time that I have right now. Apparently, the process of producing the thing is what is standing out to me as being pivotal at the moment.
Tonight is going to be a night full of watching the NHL playoffs. Right now the Boston Bruins vs. the Florida Panthers game is on and later on the Colorado Avalanche will play the Seattle Kraken. It’s a big game tonight for the Colorado Avalanche given that the series is all tied up at 2-2. Winning that mid series stalemate is very important. Getting into any elimination game scenario is not a good thing to allow if the team can avoid it. At the moment, I’m considering what is going to happen with dinner and just absorbing some playoff hockey. That is where things are at and it is pretty much what is going on beyond engaging in the practice of daily writing. Sometimes you have to sit down and just work on producing some words. That is a different element than producing a set of weekly blocks as a part of a plan. I know right now what each of those writing blocks is going to be between now and the end of the year. Working on those well defined blocks of content is a type of intellectual work to generate output. Sitting down to just write for the sake of putting words on the page is a different sort of activity.
I’m a big fan of stream of consciousness based writing. Sitting down and just writing until you are done with the act of writing is a great way to relax your mind. A lot of time that type of effort could produce absolute balderdash. Writing about whatever comes to mind will have a mix of results. Some of it might be interesting and other blocks of it might otherwise be terrible prose. It happens. I’m certainly guilty of a few false starts now and again during the writing process. Ok to be fair to that assessment I’m probably guilty of a fair number of false starts. More than a few of those have made it all the way to the blog. Other ones more recently just get to live in a Google Doc in perpetuity.
A few hours of my time this weekend were devoted to seeding Substack posts from week 55 to current (124) into the blog. I’m not sure how long Substack as a platform will last so I wanted to just put the content into my backlog. That process of seeding content really did take a couple hours of working with the posts to get all that content ported over to the blog. My weekly workflow now has an extra step to stage the future content in both the Substack and the blog, but having that extra set of steps is just a couple minutes of post production work. At some point, I will need to circle back and load up the Substack content from weeks 1 to 54. However, today will not be that day of content loading. Maybe it will happen during the course of watching some playoff hockey games here in the next month or so as the playoffs progress.
Last night, I could not make it all the way to the end of the Colorado Avalanche game last night. I made it to part of the 3rd period and fell asleep. That game simply started too late in the evening. I’m an early morning content creator and those late nights are hard to recover from these days. All the round one match-ups have been pretty exciting this year. It has been a good point in my process to consider managing the backlog of writing blocks. Right now I know what content needs to get created between now and the end of the year. All of my energy and focus needs to be put into making the best possible blocks of content. It’s important to really kick the production quality up a notch here and build blocks of research that can be packaged into research notes, literature reviews, or academic articles. At the end of 2023, I want to be able to see several completed articles. Right now I’m tracking to produce a third year end book in three years and that is good, but it could be better and that is where my focus needs to be right now.
Increasing the velocity of my contributions to the academy is where I want to put my effort. My five year writing plan is about assuming I have that amount of time to do something with my writing efforts and trying to plan to use that time wisely. Part of that is about producing content and writing that does not end up being purely ephemeral in nature. Prose that stands the test of time is rare and impactful. Content that simply fades away is now increasingly becoming nothing more than noise or worse it cannot break through at all and is not even background noise.
Apparently, within the posts section of WordPress I have 225 draft posts that span from 1998 to 2021 to clean up. Over the years my total collection of posts has moved from being a Microsoft FrontPage site to being over on Movable Type to finally landing on WordPress. A couple of times I have had the entire site wiped out which left a bunch of content holes including images and wholesale missing posts. Most of the time I had backups of the actual written words, but the posts that had images were not well backed up over the last twenty years. Even the Wayback Machine does not have all the content anymore.
Thank you for tuning in to this audio only podcast presentation. This is week 117 of The Lindahl Letter publication. A new edition arrives every Friday. This week the topic under consideration for The Lindahl Letter is, “A literature study of non-mail polling methodology.”
This week I ended up trying to find some solid academic articles to read. This time around I found a few that have publicly available downloads to share. Digging around literature related to non-mail polling methods opens the door to a lot of different directions. You will get a sense from the journals listed below that a lot of literature exists and research is benign conducted about public opinion. My interests are more in the automated methods that would help collect sentiment to complete polling without active respondents. Data abounds and some of it holds the key to understanding how sentiment is being expressed. Being able to catalog and share that sentiment is an interesting thing to automate.
Voss, S., Gelman, A., & King, G. (1995). The polls—A review: Preelection survey methodology: Details from eight polling organizations, 1988 and 1992. Public Opinion Quarterly, 59(1), 98-132. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/published/voss.pdf
Prosser, C., & Mellon, J. (2018). The twilight of the polls? A review of trends in polling accuracy and the causes of polling misses. Government and Opposition, 53(4), 757-790. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3184232_code2420517.pdf?abstractid=3184232&mirid=1
Martin, E. A., Traugott, M. W., & Kennedy, C. (2005). A review and proposal for a new measure of poll accuracy. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(3), 342-369. http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2003/Files/JSM2003-000913.pdf
Price, V., & Neijens, P. (1998). Deliberative polls: Toward improved measures of “informed” public opinion?. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 10(2), 145-176. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=3922d1362956bb55df25dbaa8aae8d4706067002
Let’s see what ChatGPT model 3.5 would generate related to this one.
While mail polling remains a valuable tool for collecting data, advances in technology have led to the development of a variety of non-mail polling methods. In this literature study, we will explore the latest research on non-mail polling methodology.
Firstly, online polling has become increasingly popular, particularly for collecting data quickly and cost-effectively. A study by the Pew Research Center found that online polling can be just as accurate as traditional phone or mail polling, but response rates may be lower, particularly among certain populations such as older adults or those with lower levels of education.
Secondly, phone polling remains a popular method for collecting data, particularly for political polling. However, the rise of mobile phones has presented new challenges for phone polling. A study by the European Social Survey found that mobile phone users are more likely to be younger and have higher levels of education, leading to a potential bias in the results. Additionally, increasing rates of spam and robo-calls may lead to declining response rates.
Thirdly, social media has presented new opportunities for pollsters, particularly for collecting data on younger populations. However, concerns have been raised about the representativeness of social media polls, as they may attract self-selected respondents and may not be representative of the broader population.
Fourthly, researchers have explored the use of text message polling, particularly for collecting data quickly and with high response rates. A study by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) found that text message polling had higher response rates than email or online polling, particularly among younger populations.
Finally, researchers have also explored the use of location-based polling, which involves collecting data from individuals based on their geographic location. This method can be particularly useful for collecting data on local issues, but concerns have been raised about the potential for privacy violations.
In conclusion, non-mail polling methods have become increasingly popular in recent years, particularly for collecting data quickly and cost-effectively. While online, phone, social media, text message, and location-based polling all have their advantages and disadvantages, researchers have found that no single method is universally superior. The choice of polling method should depend on the research question, the population being surveyed, and the resources available.
Links and thoughts:
Top Tweets of the week:
What’s next for The Lindahl Letter?
If you enjoyed this content, then please take a moment and share it with a friend. If you are new to The Lindahl Letter, then please consider subscribing. New editions arrive every Friday. Thank you and enjoy the year ahead.
Currently, my routine is set up to produce 52 blocks of content per year. Each week one block of content is getting generated. Within that cycle I have time devoted to writing on the weekend. Both Saturday and Sunday morning I wake up early and focus for several hours without interruption. We are in the third year of this 52 block creation format. The previous two years were moved into a manuscript format and packaged as books. Each of the blocks is shared out as a Substack post along the way. All of that is geared toward my efforts to learn, understand, and explain complex topics. That is the routine that I have setup and am implementing as part of both my daily writing plan and the research trajectory I have set up for myself. All that rolls up into my five year writing plan and I have been successful in adhering to the plan.
This pattern of production works for me and I’m ok with sustaining it. One of the things I need to really focus on doing is converting some of the blocks into research notes, literature reviews, and the seeds of academic papers. Last year I built a solid literature review in Overleaf and was able to share it out. Pretty much every part of that effort was rewarding. It was good research and the effort put into that made sense. This year we have moved from post 105 to where I am currently working on post 124. That pretty much means that 19 blocks of the 52 for this year have been expended. All of that effort did not yield another publication shifted over to Overleaf for extended sharing. At the moment, I’m deeply considering what that means to have spent the time and effort on that writing effort, but not have turned the corner from building blocks of content to creating publications.
All that being said, I’m trying to figure out how to take my remaining backlog for the rest of the year and either mix and match blocks to build something or change out some of the remaining blocks for the year to help support the mission of creating better literature reviews. I know that the best possible plan is to probably just sit down and write down the top 5 literature reviews toward the bleeding edge of technology I would like to read and then just produce the ones that do not exist. Working on things within that process is probably the right way to move things forward. Getting to a posture where my routine is generating the output I want over time is really the outcome I’m looking to achieve. Having a routine is great and it is the first step in the process. A good next step is understanding the outcomes of that routine. That is what I have been trying to think about within the last 500 words or so of prose.
Each of those 52 blocks right now is created in a Google Doc and that is where the content stays within the 5 week planning and review cycle. For the whole year I work on content within that document and pull out completed works to share them in Substack. I’m trying to figure out if I should be publishing the content on the blog as well. No real conflict of obligation exists in doing that type of doubling up on posting the content. Generally, each blog post is created in a separate stand alone Google Doc and then that word processing document is just left in storage afterwards. That is very different from the 52 blocks of content where towards the end of the year I take the time to format the content back into a Microsoft Word document and prepare that manuscript for both editing and publication. From what I can tell, old Substack posts don’t really get a ton of traffic and at some point I’m sure that platform will cease to exist. My blog will exist until approximately 5 years after my efforts cease. I tend to pay in advance for domains and hosting.
At the moment, my writing schedule for the week looks like this:
The most straightforward part of my planning trifecta (research trajectory statement, writing schedule, and upcoming research plan) of thinking about what I’m going to do next is really the writing schedule. It really just details my plan each week to sit down and be productive at the keyboard. For better or worse that means tracking in advance what my weekend mornings are dedicated to working on and how that time will be best spent. My writing schedule can be summed up as a simple look at weekends vs. weekdays and what needs attention.
Things seem to be changing a bunch in terms of social networks this year. I’m curious to see if a return to the weblog and self hosted content is coming. The problem with that creation of your own island of content is that the crowds are generally elsewhere. We have seen massive changes in where new crowds are going. I mean MySpace was exciting before it was a wasteland. Sometimes I miss the community of the early communities like what happened on Flickr at the start. Some of that early community started to happen on Substack Notes. You will find that the best chance to see a smaller number of creators and have a solid level of interaction with people is at the start of a thing.
Over time the algorithm and the crowd removes the elements of community that form up the things I generally like about new platforms. I mean where Twitter is now and where it was coming out of SXSW (2006) is like two entirely different companies that just happen to share the same name. It was interesting to see what was happening on Substack Notes. At the time, I was at a soccer practice and thought using the post template that Substack provided to share the news about notes was a good idea. I’m not sure my sharing helped drive any degree of adoption, but I did share that news. So far I’m checking into Substack Notes every day as a part of my entertainment routine. It’s probably eating up a little bit of time that would have been spent on Twitter.
Sometimes I play Boom Beach, the rather mindless smartphone game, on my Google Pixel 7 Pro (now repaired) for a couple of minutes during the afternoon. I’m actively considering just hitting delete on my Twitter account. It is not really something that I need for any reason. Maybe spending some time without any social media would increase my writing output. I had Facebook turned off for years and that was fine. Maybe getting rid of Twitter would be a good thing to complete. Anyway, that is a course of action that I’m strongly considering. The fact that I did not just complete the action is probably an indicator that it won’t happen. It however is something that I have spent some time considering.
Things have been moving along and I have content prepared to go live until the end of May. It’s good to have gotten back to where I have a solid backlog of content ready to publish. Part of that gives me the ability to read and edit it 30 days later which is the key point where it’s like reading it fresh and my editing improves. You are probably aware that it is much harder to edit recently written things. Time is the best friend of editing.
Thank you for tuning in to this audio only podcast presentation. This is week 64 of The Lindahl Letter publication. A new edition arrives every Friday. This week the machine learning or artificial intelligence related topic under consideration is, “Large Language models revisited.”
Maybe revisiting large language models should have been saved for a few weeks from now, but we are going to begin that journey into the foundations of machine learning anyway. My opening question within this chautauqua should be about how large language models in the machine learning space will change society. To that end it might be good to read a post from the Stanford University HAI or Human Centered Artificial Intelligence Institute, “How Large Language Models Will Transform Science, Society, and AI,” by Alex Tamkin and Deep Ganguli [1]. That institute has a mission of, “Advancing AI research, education, policy, and practice to improve the human condition.” While that sounds like an interesting mission statement to attempt to fulfill, it probably ignores the darker possibilities of what could happen. I went out and read the 8 page paper from the post Alex and Deep that they shared, “Understanding the Capabilities, Limitations, and Societal Impact of Large Language Models” [2]. Understanding how large language models could impact the economy and potential misuses are considered in that research which made it a very solid place to start my analysis for this week.
Some really large blocks of content for machine learning exist online. The amount of written work being shared related to machine learning is exponentially growing. It is seriously out of control and beyond what anybody can really reasonably track anymore. One of those blocks of content that caught my attention this week was the ML Compendium by Dr. Ori Cohen [3]. First, this pretty deep work made me wonder about how GitBook works and what other content might be on that platform. Second, it made me wonder about how interactive delivery formats might change the future of textbooks in college settings. A quick search for language models in that collection of links and other content took me to a section on “attention” that included BERT, GPT-2, and GPT-3 [4]. It was not really what I was looking to read about this week and my attention quickly turned elsewhere.
What I was expecting to dig into was the paper on foundational models from a bunch of Stanford University related contributors noted as, “On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models: A new publication from the Center for Research on Foundation Models (CRFM) at Stanford University, with contributions by Shelby Grossman and others from the Stanford Internet Observatory” [5]. You can get the full 212 paper over on ArXiv [6]. By this time in our journey together you have downloaded that paper a couple of times. Yannic theorized that the paper will end up being a key referenced work due to the number of contributors and the volume of things covered. I can see it becoming a part of curriculums for years to come as it has so much reference material in one place and it is free to download.
I’m going to backtrack for a minute here and let you know that after a bit of review it appears that GitBook was designed to provide living documentation [7]. Teams use it to maintain and share technical documentation for software and APIs. It appears that it is also used for some projects like the one shared above. I really do think that type of content curation is probably the future of academic publishing for coursework. Really large static textbooks will be replaced by interactive content that could survive in the metaverse. Students’ expectations for the delivery of content to them will fundamentally change in the next 10 years and courses that demand a rigid reading of chapter by chapter in a textbook will fall out of favor.
Links and thoughts:
Top 6 Tweets of the week:
https://twitter.com/kevinroose/status/1505581224735096833
https://twitter.com/dcseifert/status/1504842358352920580
Footnotes:
[1] https://hai.stanford.edu/news/how-large-language-models-will-transform-science-society-and-ai
[2] https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.02503
[3] https://mlcompendium.gitbook.io/machine-and-deep-learning-compendium/
[5] https://fsi.stanford.edu/publication/opportunities-and-risks-foundation-models
[6] https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.07258.pdf
What’s next for The Lindahl Letter?
I’ll try to keep the what’s next list for The Lindahl Letter forward looking with at least five weeks of posts in planning or review. If you enjoyed this content, then please take a moment and share it with a friend. Thank you and enjoy the week ahead.